Adiro инструкция по применению

Introduction

1. What is Adiro 100 mg and what is it used for

2. What you need to know before starting Adiro 100 mg

3. How to Take Adiro 100 mg

4. Possible Adverse Effects

5. Conservation of Adiro 100 mg

6. Content of the packaging and additional information

By decreasing platelet aggregation, Aspirin inhibits thrombus formation on the arterial side of the circulation, where thrombi are formed by platelet aggregation and anticoagulants have little effect. Aspirin is the analgesic of choice for headache, transient musculoskeletal pain and dysmenorrhoea. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties, which may be useful. Enteric coating reduces the intestinal disturbance and gastrointestinal ulceration due to aspirin.

Effects on pain and fever

Adiro disrupts the production of prostaglandins throughout the body by targeting cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) . Prostaglandins are potent, irritating substances that have been shown to cause headaches and pain upon injection into humans. Prostaglandins increase the sensitivity of pain receptors and substances such as histamine and bradykinin. Through the disruption of the production and prevention of release of prostaglandins in inflammation, this drug may stop their action at pain receptors, preventing symptoms of pain. Adiro is considered an antipyretic agent because of its ability to interfere with the production of brain prostaglandin E1. Prostaglandin E1 is known to be an extremely powerful fever-inducing agent .

Effects on platelet aggregation

Uses

Aspirin is used for its antiplatelet activity in the initial treatment of cardiovascular disorders such as angina pectoris and myocardial infarction and for the prevention of cardiovascular events in a variety of conditions or procedures for patients at risk.

• Aspirin is used as part of the initial treatment of unstable angina.
• It is given in the early treatment of myocardial infarction.
• It may also be of some benefit in the initial treatment of acute ischaemic stroke.
• It is of value for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular events in patients with stable or unstable angina or those with acute or prior myocardial infarction.
• Aspirin reduces the risk of future serious vascular events, including stroke, in patients who have already suffered an ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack.
• It is of use in the long-term management of atrial fibrillation, for the prevention of stroke in patients with contraindications to warfarin or if there are no other risk factors for stroke.
• It is recommended for use in preventing thrombotic complications associated with procedures such as angioplasty and coronary bypass grafting.

Adiro is also used to associated treatment for these conditions:
Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS), Anxiety, Arthritis, Atherothrombotic cerebral infarction, Cardiovascular Disease (CVD), Cardiovascular Events, Cardiovascular Mortality, Colorectal Adenomas, Colorectal Cancers, Common Cold, Coronary artery reocclusion, Death, Dyspeptic signs and symptoms, Fever, Flu Like Symptom, Flu caused by Influenza, Headache, Heterozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia, Inflammation, Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA), Kawasaki Syndrome, Major Adverse Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Events (MACCE), Migraine, Morbidity, Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome, Muscle Contraction, Myocardial Infarction, Myocardial Infarction (MI), first occurrence, Neuralgia, Pain, Pain caused by Common Cold, Pain, Menstrual, Pericarditis, Polycythemia Vera (PV), Preeclampsia, Rheumatic Pain, Rheumatism, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Rhinosinusitis, Severe Pain, Soreness, Muscle, Spondyloarthropathies, Stroke, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), Tension Headache, Thromboembolism, Toothache, Transient Ischemic Attack, Venous Thromboembolism, Acute Inflammation, Atherothrombotic events, Death by myocardial infarction, Moderate Pain, Thrombotic events, Antiplatelet Therapy, Hemodialysis Treatment, Secondary Prevention

How Adiro works

Adiro (ASA) blocks prostaglandin synthesis. It is non-selective for COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes . Inhibition of COX-1 results in the inhibition of platelet aggregation for about 7-10 days (average platelet lifespan). The acetyl group of acetylsalicylic acid binds with a serine residue of the cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) enzyme, leading to irreversible inhibition. This prevents the production of pain-causing prostaglandins. This process also stops the conversion of arachidonic acid to thromboxane A2 (TXA2), which is a potent inducer of platelet aggregation . Platelet aggregation can result in clots and harmful venous and arterial thromboembolism, leading to conditions such as pulmonary embolism and stroke.

It is important to note that there is 60% homology between the protein structures of COX-1 and COX-2. ASA binds to serine 516 residue on the active site of COX-2 in the same fashion as its binding to the serine 530 residue located on the active site of COX-1. The active site of COX-2 is, however, slightly larger than the active site of COX-1, so that arachidonic acid (which later becomes prostaglandins) manages to bypass the aspirin molecule inactivating COX-2 . ASA, therefore, exerts more action on the COX-1 receptor rather than on the COX-2 receptor . A higher dose of acetylsalicylic acid is required for COX-2 inhibition .

Dosage

Pain, Inflammatory diseases and as Antipyretic: Aspirin 300 mg 1-3 tablets 6 hourly with a maximum daily dose of 4 g.

Thrombotic cerebrovascular or Cardiovascular disease: Aspirin 300 mg 1 tablet or Aspirin 75 mg 4 tablets daily.

After Myocardial infarction: Aspirin 75 mg 2 tablets daily for 1 month.

Following By-pass surgery: Aspirin 75 mg 1 tablet daily.

Side Effects

Side effects for usual dosage of Aspirin are mild including nausea, dyspepsia, gastrointestinal ulceration and bronchospasm etc.

Toxicity

Lethal doses

Acute oral LD50 values have been reported as over 1.0 g/kg in humans, cats, and dogs, 0.92 g/kg — 1.48 g/kg in albino rats, 1.19 g/kg in guinea pigs, 1.1 g/kg in mice, and 1.8 g/kg in rabbit models .

Acute toxicity

Salicylate toxicity is a problem that may develop with both acute and chronic salicylate exposure .
Multiple organ systems may be affected by salicylate toxicity, including the central nervous system, the pulmonary system, and the gastrointestinal system. Severe bleeding may occur. In the majority of cases, patients suffering from salicylate toxicity are volume-depleted at the time of presentation for medical attention. Fluid resuscitation should occur immediately and volume status should be monitored closely. Disruptions in acid-base balance are frequent in ASA toxicity .

The acute toxicity of acetylsalicylic in animals has been widely studied. The signs of poisoning in rats from lethal doses are mild to severe gastroenteritis, hepatitis, nephritis, pulmonary edema, encephalopathy, shock and some toxic effects on other organs and tissues. Mortality has been observed following convulsions or cardiovascular shock. An important differentiating property between various animal species is the ability to vomit toxic doses. Humans, cats and dogs have this ability, but rodents or rabbits do not .

Chronic toxicity and carcinogenesis

Chronic ASA toxicity is frequently accompanied by atypical clinical presentations that may be similar to diabetic ketoacidosis, delirium, cerebrovascular accident (CVA), myocardial infarction (MI) or cardiac failure. Plasma salicylate concentrations should be measured if salicylate intoxication is suspected, even if there no documentation available to suggest ASA was ingested. In older age, nephrotoxicity from salicylates increases, and the risk of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage is increased, with higher rates of mortality . It is also important to note that ASA toxicity may occur even with close to normal serum concentrations. Prevention of chronic ASA includes the administration of smallest possible doses, avoidance of concurrent use of salicylate drugs, and therapeutic drug monitoring. Renal function should be regularly monitored and screening for gastrointestinal bleeding should be done at regular intervals .

Chronic toxicity studies were performed in rodents. ASA was administered at doses measured to be 2 to 20 times the maximum tolerated clinical dose to mice for up to one year. Negative dose-related effects were seen. These include decreased mean survival time, decreased number of births and progeny reaching an appropriate age for weaning. No evidence of carcinogenesis was found in 1-year studies . At daily doses of 0.24 g/kg/day given for 100 days to albino rats, ASA led to signs to excessive thirst, aciduria, diuresis, drowsiness, hyperreflexia, piloerection, changes in respiration, tachycardia, followed by soft stools, epistaxis, sialorrhea, dacryorrhea and mortality during hypothermic coma in the second study month .

Use in pregnancy and lactation

While teratogenic effects were observed in animals nearly lethal doses, no evidence suggests that this drug is teratogenic in humans . It is advisable, however, to avoid ASA use the first and second trimester of pregnancy, unless it is clearly required. If acetylsalicylic acid containing drugs are ingested by a patient attempting to conceive, or during the first and second trimester of pregnancy, the lowest possible dose at the shortest possible duration should be taken . This drug is contraindicated in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy .

Precaution

It should be administered cautiously in asthma, uncontrolled blood pressure and pregnant women.It is specially important not to use aspirin during the last 3 months of pregnancy unless specifically directed to do so by a doctor because it may cause problems in unborn child or complication during delivery. It should be administered with caution to patients in nasal polyp and nasal allergy. Aspirin penetrates into breast milk. So, it should be administered with caution to lactating mothers.

Interaction

Salicylates may enhance the effect of anticoagulants, oral hypoglycaemic agents, phenytoin and sodium valporate. They inhibit the uricosuric effect of probenecid and may increase the toxicity of sulphonamides. They may also precipitate bronchospasm or induce attacks of asthma in susceptible subjects.

Food Interaction

• Avoid alcohol. Alcohol increases the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding.
• Avoid herbs and supplements with anticoagulant/antiplatelet activity. Examples include garlic, ginger, bilberry, danshen, piracetam, and ginkgo biloba.
• Take after a meal. This reduces irritating gastrointestinal effects.
• Take with a full glass of water.

Volume of Distribution

This drug is distributed to body tissues shortly after administration. It is known to cross the placenta. The plasma contains high levels of salicylate, as well as tissues such as spinal, peritoneal and synovial fluids, saliva and milk. The kidney, liver, heart, and lungs are also found to be rich in salicylate concentration after dosing. Low concentrations of salicylate are usually low, and minimal concentrations are found in feces, bile, and sweat .

Elimination Route

Absorption is generally rapid and complete following oral administration but absorption may be variable depending on the route, dosage form, and other factors including but not limited to the rate of tablet dissolution, gastric contents, gastric emptying time, and gastric pH .

Detailed absorption information

When ingested orally, acetylsalicylic acid is rapidly absorbed in both the stomach and proximal small intestine. The non-ionized acetylsalicylic acid passes through the stomach lining by passive diffusion. Ideal absorption of salicylate in the stomach occurs in the pH range of 2.15 — 4.10. Intestinal absorption of acetylsalicylic acid occurs at a much faster rate. At least half of the ingested dose is hydrolyzed to salicylic acid in the first-hour post-ingestion by esterases found in the gastrointestinal tract. Peak plasma salicylate concentrations occur between 1-2 hours post-administration .

Half Life

The half-life of ASA in the circulation ranges from 13 — 19 minutes. Blood concentrations drop rapidly after complete absorption. The half-life of the salicylate ranges between 3.5 and 4.5 hours .

Clearance

The clearance rate of acetylsalicylic acid is extremely variable, depending on several factors . Dosage adjustments may be required in patients with renal impairment . The extended-release tablet should not be administered to patients with eGFR of less than 10 mL/min .

Elimination Route

Excretion of salicylates occurs mainly through the kidney, by the processes of glomerular filtration and tubular excretion, in the form of free salicylic acid, salicyluric acid, and, additionally, phenolic and acyl glucuronides .

Salicylate can be found in the urine soon after administration, however, the entire dose takes about 48 hours to be completely eliminated. The rate of salicylate is often variable, ranging from 10% to 85% in the urine, and heavily depends on urinary pH. Acidic urine generally aids in reabsorption of salicylate by the renal tubules, while alkaline urine increases excretion .

After the administration of a typical 325mg dose, the elimination of ASA is found to follow first order kinetics in a linear fashion. At high concentrations, the elimination half-life increases .

Pregnancy & Breastfeeding use

Aspirin should be avoided during the last 3 months of pregnancy. As aspirin is excreted in breast milk, aspirin should not be taken by patients who are breast-feeding.

Contraindication

Aspirin is contraindicated to the children (Reye’s syndrome) under 12 years, in breast-feeding and active peptic ulcer. It is also contraindicated in bleeding due to haemophilia and other ulceration. Hypersensitivity to aspirin, hypoprothrombinaemia is also contraindicated

Acute Overdose

Overdosage produces dizziness, tinnitus, sweating, nausea and vomiting, confusion and hyperventilation. Gross overdosage may lead to CNS depression with coma, cardiovascular collapse and respiratory depression. If overdosage is suspected, the patient should be kept under observation for at least 24 hours, as symptoms and salicylate blood levels may not become apparent for several hours. Treatment of overdosage consists of gastric lavage and forced alkaline diuresis. Haemodialysis may be necessary in severe cases.

Storage Condition

Store in a cool and dry place, protected from light.

Innovators Monograph

Adiro Drug Information [ Bayer Schering Pharma ]

Table of content

Adiro category:

• Human
• Analgetics Acetaminophen Salicylates Codeine
• Salicylates

Active ingredients:

• Aspirin

Adiro companies and manufacturers:

• Bayer Schering Pharma

General Information

Adiro forms, composition and dosages:

• Tablet, Film-Coated; Oral; Aspirin 100 mg

Indications, usages and classification codes:

• B01AC06 — Acetylsalicylic Acid
• N02BA01 — Acetylsalicylic Acid

There is an additional general information about this medication active ingredient aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid):

Pharmacological action

NSAIDs. It has anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic effect, and inhibits platelet aggregation. The mechanism of action is associated with inhibition of COX activity — the main enzyme metabolism of arachidonic acid which is a precursor of prostaglandins which play a major role in the pathogenesis of inflammation, pain and fever. Reduction of prostaglandins (mainly E1) in the thermoregulation center leads to a decrease in body temperature due to expansion of blood vessels of the skin and increase perspiration. Analgesic effect is due to both central and peripheral effects. Reduces aggregation, platelet adhesion and thrombus formation through suppression of synthesis of thromboxane A2 in platelets.
Reduces mortality and risk of myocardial infarction in unstable stenocardia. It is effective in primary prevention of cardio-vascular system and secondary prevention of myocardial infarction. At a daily dose of 6 g or more inhibits the synthesis of prothrombin in the liver and increases the prothrombin time. Increases fibrinolytic activity of plasma and reduces the concentration of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors (II, VII, IX, X). Increases the rate of hemorrhagic complications in carrying out surgical procedures, increases the risk of bleeding during therapy with anticoagulants. It stimulates the excretion of uric acid (violating its reabsorption in the renal tubules) but in high doses. The blockade of COX-1 in the mucosa of the stomach leads to inhibition of gastroprotective prostaglandins, which may lead to ulceration of the mucous membrane and subsequent bleeding.

Pharmacokinetics

When administered orally is rapidly absorbed mainly from the proximal small intestine and to a lesser extent from the stomach. The presence of food in the stomach significantly affects the absorption of acetylsalicylic acid.
Metabolised in the liver by hydrolysis with the formation of salicylic acid with subsequent conjugation with glycine or two drugs. The concentration of salicylates in blood plasma is variable.
About 80% of salicylic acid binds to plasma proteins. Salicylates easily penetrate into many tissues and body fluids, including the cerebrospinal, peritoneal and synovial fluid. In small quantities salicylates are found in brain tissue, traces — in bile, sweat and feces. Quickly penetrates the placental barrier in small amounts excreted in breast milk.
For newborns salicylates may displace bilirubin from its association with albumin and promote bilirubin encephalopathy.
Penetration into the joint cavity is accelerated in the presence of hyperemia and edema, and slows down in the proliferative phase of inflammation.
If you have acidosis most of salicylate becomes unionized acid, good penetration into the tissue, including in the brain.
Withdraws mainly by active secretion in the tubules of the kidneys in unchanged form (60%) and in the form of metabolites. The withdraw of unchanged salicylate is dependent on the pH of urine (for alkalinization of urine increases ionized salicylates, worsening their reabsorption and increases excretion). T1/2 of acetylsalicylic acid is approximately 15 minutes. T1/2 of salicylate at a reception in low doses is 2-3 h, with an increase in dose may increase to 15-30 hours. Newborns’ elimination of salicylate is much slower than in adults.

Why is Adiro prescribed?

Rheumatism, rheumatoid arthritis, infectious-allergic myocarditis, fever during infectious and inflammatory diseases, pain syndrome, weak and medium intensity of various origins (including neuralgia, myalgia, headache); based prevention of thrombosis and embolism, primary and secondary prevention of myocardial infarction, prevention of violations of cerebral circulation by ischemic type.
In the clinical immunology and allergy: a gradually increasing doses for a prolonged «aspirin» desensitization and the formation of stable tolerance to NSAIDs in patients with «aspirin asthma» and «aspirin triad.»

Dosage and administration

Individual. For oral administration dosing regimen depends on indication for use. Usual adult dose when used as antipyretic and analgesic is 500-1000 mg / day (up to 3 g) were divided into 3 admission.
In myocardial infarction, as well as for secondary prevention in patients after myocardial infarction — 40-325 mg 1 time a day (usually 160 mg). As an inhibitor of platelet aggregation — a dose of 300-325 mg / day, for a long time. At the dynamic circulatory disorders in men, cerebral thromboembolism, including to prevent a recurrence — 325 mg / day with gradual increase to a maximum of 1 g / day. For prevention of thrombosis or occlusion of the aortic shunt — by 325 mg every 7 h after intranasal gastric tube set, and then — through the mouth to 325 mg 3 times a day (usually in combination with dipyridamole, which abolished after 1 week, continuing the long-term treatment with acetylsalicylic acid).

Adiro side effects

Digestive system: nausea, vomiting, anorexia, epigastric pain, diarrhea; rarely — occurrence of erosive and ulcerative lesions, bleeding from the gastrointestinal tract, abnormal liver function.
Central nervous system: long-term use may be dizziness, headache, reversible visual disturbances, tinnitus, aseptic meningitis.
Hemopoietic system: rarely — thrombocytopenia, anemia.
Blood coagulation system: rarely — haemorrhagic syndrome, prolongation of bleeding time.
Urinary system: rarely — renal dysfunction, with prolonged use — acute kidney failure, nephrotic syndrome.
Allergic reactions: rarely — skin rash, Quincke’s edema, bronchospasm, «aspirin triad» (a combination of bronchial asthma, recurrent nasal polyposis, and paranasal sinuses and intolerance of acetylsalicylic acid and medicines pirazolonic series).
Other: in some cases — Reye syndrome, long-term use — increased symptoms of chronic heart failure.

Contraindications

Exacerbation phase of erosive-ulcerative lesions in the gastrointestinal tract, gastro-intestinal bleeding, «aspirin triad», a history of indications urticaria, rhinitis, caused by taking aspirin and other NSAIDs, hemophilia, hemorrhagic diathesis, gipoprotrombinemii, dissecting aneurysm of the aorta, portal hypertension, deficiency of vitamin K, liver and / or renal failure, deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, Reye syndrome, children’s age (under 15 years — the risk of developing Reye syndrome in children with hyperthermia on a background of viral diseases), I and III trimester of pregnancy, lactation, hypersensitivity to aspirin and other salicylates.

Using during pregnancy and breastfeeding

aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) is contraindicated in I and III trimester of pregnancy. In pregnancy trimester II can a one-off reception on the strict condition.
This medication has a teratogenic effect: when used in the I trimester leads to top palatoschisis, in the III trimester — cause inhibition of labor (inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis), premature closure of the ductus arteriosus in the fetus, pulmonary vascular hyperplasia and hypertension in the pulmonary circulation.
aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) is excreted in breast milk, which increases the risk of bleeding in a child due to dysfunction of platelets, and therefore should not be applied acetylsalicylic acid in the mother during lactation.

Special instructions

With caution used in patients with liver diseases and kidney, bronchial asthma, erosive and ulcerative lesions, and bleeding from the digestive tract in history, with increased bleeding or while holding anticoagulant therapy, decompensated congestive heart failure.
Acetylsalicylic acid even in small doses reduces the excretion of uric acid from the organism that can cause an acute attack of gout in predisposed patients. When conducting long-term therapy and / or use of aspirin in high doses required medical supervision and regular monitoring of hemoglobin levels.
The use of acetylsalicylic acid as anti-inflammatory drugs in a daily dose of 5-8 g is limited due to the high probability of adverse effects from the gastrointestinal tract.
Before surgery to reduce bleeding during surgery and postoperative period should stop taking salicylates for 5-7 days.
During prolonged therapy is necessary to conduct a general analysis of blood and study of occult blood.
The use of acetylsalicylic acid is contraindicated in pediatrics, as in the case of viral infection in children under the influence of acetylsalicylic acid increases the risk of developing Reye syndrome. Symptoms of Reye syndrome are prolonged vomiting, acute encephalopathy, liver enlargement.
Duration of treatment (without consulting a doctor) should not exceed 7 days when administered as analgesic and more than 3 days as an antipyretic.
During treatment the patient should abstain from alcohol.

Precautionary measures

Undesirable combined use with other NSAIDs and glucocorticoids. For 5-7 days before surgery should stop taking (to reduce bleeding during surgery and postoperative period).
The probability of NSAID-gastropathy decreases in the appointment after a meal, use of tablets with buffer additives or coated with a special enteric-soluble shell. The risk of hemorrhagic complications is minimal when used in doses less than 100 mg / day.
Note that in predisposed patients acetylsalicylic acid (even in small doses) reduces the excretion of uric acid from the body and can cause the development of acute attack of gout.
During prolonged therapy should regularly carry out the analysis of blood and to investigate faeces for occult blood. In connection with the observed cases hepatogenic encephalopathy is not recommended for relief of fever syndrome in children.

Adiro drug interactions

With simultaneous use of antacids containing magnesium and / or aluminum hydroxide, slow down and reduce the absorption of acetylsalicylic acid.
With simultaneous use of calcium channel blockers, means limiting intake of calcium or increasing the excretion of calcium from the body, increases the risk of bleeding.
With simultaneous use with acetylsalicylic acid enhances the action of heparin and indirect anticoagulants, hypoglycemic funds derived sulfonylureas, insulin, methotrexate, phenytoin, valproic acid.
With simultaneous use of SCS increases the risk of ulcerogenic effect and occurrence of gastrointestinal bleeding.
With simultaneous use of decreasing the effectiveness of diuretics (spironolactone, furosemide).
With simultaneous use of other NSAIDs increases the risk of side effects. Acetylsalicylic acid may reduce plasma concentrations indomethacin, piroxicam.
With simultaneous use of gold drugs acetylsalicylic acid can induce liver damage.
With simultaneous use decreases effectiveness of uricosuric medications (including probenecid, sulfinpirazon, benzbromarone).
With simultaneous use of acetylsalicylic acid and alendronate sodium may develop severe esophagitis.
With simultaneous use of griseofulvin may be in breach Absorption of acetylsalicylic acid.
There is one case of spontaneous hemorrhage in the iris while taking Ginkgo Biloba extract on the background of prolonged use of aspirin in a dose of 325 mg / day. It is believed that this may be due to additive inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation.
With simultaneous use of dipyridamole may increase C_max of salicylate in plasma and AUC.
When applied simultaneously with acetylsalicylic acid increased concentration of digoxin, barbiturates and lithium salts in the blood plasma.
With simultaneous use of salicylates in high doses with carbonic anhydrase inhibitors can intoxication salicylates.
Acetylsalicylic acid in doses of less than 300 mg have little effect on the effectiveness of captopril and enalapril. When aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) is admistered in high doses may decrease the effectiveness of captopril and enalapril.
With simultaneous application of caffeine increases the rate of absorption, plasma concentrations and bioavailability of acetylsalicylic acid.
With simultaneous use of metoprolol may increase C_max of salicylate in blood plasma.
In the application of pentazocine on the background of long-term use of aspirin in high doses there is a risk of severe adverse reactions in the kidneys.
With simultaneous application phenylbutazone reduces uricosuria caused by acetylsalicylic acid.
With simultaneous application of ethanol may exacerbate the effects of acetylsalicylic acid on the gastrointestinal tract.

Adiro in case of emergency / overdose

May occur after receiving a single large dose or prolonged use. If a single dose of less than 150 mg / kg, acute poisoning feel light, 150-300 mg / kg — moderate, when using higher doses — heavy.
Symptoms: salicylism syndrome (nausea, vomiting, tinnitus, blurred vision, dizziness, severe headache, malaise, fever — a poor prognostic sign in adults). More severe poisoning — stupor, convulsions and coma, noncardiogenic pulmonary edema, abrupt dehydration, violations ABE (initially — respiratory alkalosis, then — metabolic acidosis), renal failure and shock.
In chronic overdose concentration determined in plasma are poorly correlated with the severity of intoxication. The greatest risk of chronic intoxication is found among elderly people at reception for a few days more than 100 mg / kg / day. In children and elderly patients the initial signs of salicylism are not always visible, and therefore desirable to periodically determine the concentration of salicylates in the blood. Level above 70 mg% indicates moderate or severe poisoning; above 100 mg% — on extremely heavy, a poor prognosis. If poisoning moderate require hospitalization for at least 24 hours.
Treatment: the provocation of vomiting, the appointment of activated charcoal and laxatives, monitoring ABE and electrolyte balance, depending on the state of metabolism — the introduction of sodium bicarbonate, solution of sodium citrate or sodium lactate. Raising reserve alkalinity increases the excretion of acetylsalicylic acid by alkalinization of urine. Alkalinization of urine is shown at the level of salicylates above 40 mg%, is provided in / by infusion of sodium bicarbonate — 88 mEq in 1 liter of 5% glucose solution, the rate of 10-15 ml / kg / h. Restoring BCC and induction of diuresis (achieved by introducing a bicarbonate in the same dose and dilution, repeat 2-3 times); should be aware that intense infusion fluid elderly patients may lead to pulmonary edema. Not recommended the use of acetazolamide for alkalinization of urine (may cause acidemia and enhance the toxic effect of salicylates). Hemodialysis is shown at the level of salicylates over 100-130 mg%, and in patients with chronic poisoning — 40 mg% or lower in the presence of witnesses (refractory acidosis, progressive deterioration, severe damage of the CNS, pulmonary edema and renal failure). When pulmonary edema — a mixture of artificial ventilation, oxygen enriched, in the mode of positive end-expiratory pressure, to treat cerebral edema apply hyperventilation and osmotic diuresis.

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